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The Case for Better Betta Care

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By Conner Tighe


For decades, betta fish have been displayed in tiny cups and jars in pet stores, often viewed as low-maintenance pets requiring minimal space. However, a groundbreaking study led by Naomi Clark-Shen, a researcher based in Singapore with a PhD in shark and stingray biology and ecology, challenges this widespread practice. Clark-Shen's research, Life Beyond a Jar, was published in 2024 in Animal Welfare and explores the impact of tank size and environmental enrichment on betta fish health and behavior.


The study reveals that the confined and barren environments typically used for betta fish display can lead to abnormal behaviors, suggesting significant welfare concerns. By shedding light on how tank conditions influence these vibrant and intelligent fish, Life Beyond a Jar calls for re-evaluating how bettas are housed and cared for in pet stores and at home.


Study Design and Key Findings


To investigate the impact of tank conditions on betta fish, the researchers set up five different environments: a small jar (1.5 L), a small tank (3.3 L), a medium tank (5.6 L), a large tank (19.3 L), and a large barren tank (19.3 L). Over time, the bettas were rotated between these tanks, and their behaviors were closely observed and recorded.


Clark-Shen et al,, 2024
Clark-Shen et al,, 2024

The findings were striking. The bettas exhibited more abnormal behaviors in the jar, small tank, and large barren tank, such as pacing along the tank walls and hovering in place. These actions are often interpreted as signs of stress or discomfort in fish. However, when placed in the medium and large tanks — featuring live plants, gravel, and ample hiding spots — the bettas displayed fewer stress-related behaviors and were more engaged with their surroundings.


The study highlights the harmful effects of inadequate space and emphasizes the critical role of environmental enrichment. Comparing the large barren and enriched tanks demonstrates that simply providing more space isn’t enough; plants and hiding spots are vital for promoting natural behaviors and improving the welfare of betta fish.


Takeaways for Betta Fish Care


The findings from Life Beyond a Jar underline the urgent need to improve how betta fish are housed, particularly in retail pet stores. The researchers argue that the minimum tank size for displaying bettas should be at least 5.6 liters (1.5 gallons), with essential additions such as gravel, live plants, and hiding spots. These elements create a more enriching environment that helps reduce stress and allows the fish to exhibit natural behaviors.


The study suggests going beyond the minimum for long-term care at home. Larger tanks equipped with live plants and multiple hiding spots promote better physical health and enhance the betta's mental well-being. Regardless of size, a barren environment can still lead to abnormal behaviors and stress, reinforcing the importance of enrichment.


These recommendations challenge the common practice of displaying bettas in tiny jars or bare tanks and provide a roadmap for improving their welfare. By adopting these guidelines, pet stores and fish owners can help ensure that bettas live healthier, more fulfilling lives.


This article was written by Conner Tighe

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